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①人的形象大为丰富,数量增多,出现了武士、侍从、伎乐、舞人等各种不同社会地位的形象,在反映社会生活方面前进了一步,雕塑手法逐渐摆脱程式化,形象写实、生动。
②雕塑材料的使用更加广泛。青铜、金、银、铅、陶、玉、石、牙、骨、木等不同质材各尽其长,而且出现综合使用的趋向。各种材料的制造工艺也有新的发展,如青铜工艺分铸、焊接等技艺的发展,失蜡法的应用,错金银等镶嵌技艺的风行,使作品的制作竞求奇巧华美。因之,追求繁缛华美,成为这一时期主导的审美倾向,在青铜、玉和漆木的雕塑中尤为突出。此时期的雕塑尚未从工艺美术中脱出,所以仍然保留着很强的装饰性。
③主要有偶人和作为器物装饰的人形支架、器座及小型佩饰等。偶人又称相人、像人,以青铜、陶、木等不同材料做成,其中主要是俑。春秋后期俑在各地普遍出现。陶俑主要有山东郎家庄
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1号东周殉人墓所出的6组,女俑多作舞姿,脸部削成斜面,以黑彩勾出眼、眉,胸部丰满,衣裙曳地,施红、黄、黑、褐色条纹。男俑披巾,手中持物。由于烧制火候极低,大多已残毁。山西长治分水岭战国早期墓葬出土陶俑中的舞俑群,造型简略而姿态生动。彩绘木俑多出于战国楚墓,有仆侍、庖厨、伎乐等不同的身份。湖南长沙 406号楚墓所出30个木俑,男女有别,一般是雕刻出身体形状与五官后,先涂白粉,再以墨、朱两色绘出眉目胡髭及冠、带、襟、袖、裾等,手足和佩剑是分别制成后装配的。其他地方出土的楚木俑,有的雕出宽大的袍袖;有的头部雕出五官后,加丝质假发(或用真人头发),身着绢衣,但对于人物形象的个性特征则不很注意。河南洛阳金村东周墓还出土过银俑,戴弁,着窄袖短袍,系带,缠行□。有人认为是胡人形象,其造型水平较高。另外,还有连同活动环境表现的俑群。如浙江绍兴坡塘战国墓所出青铜伎乐铜屋,有男女裸体6人持乐器在屋内演奏,铜屋顶上矗立柱,柱头铸一大鸟,推测可能与古越人的图腾信仰或宗教习俗有关。
(1) The images of human beings are abundant and the number of them is increasing. There are images of warriors, attendants, Kabuki music, dancers and other social status. They have made a step forward in reflecting social life. The sculpture techniques gradually get rid of the stylization, and the images are realistic and vivid.
(2) Sculpture materials are more widely used. Bronze, gold, silver, lead, pottery, jade, stone, teeth, bone, wood and other different materials have their own advantages, and there is a trend of comprehensive use. New developments have also taken place in the manufacturing process of various materials, such as the development of bronze casting and welding, the application of wax-loss method and the popularity of inlaying techniques such as staggered gold and silver, which make the production of works more exquisite and beautiful. Therefore, the pursuit of elaborate beauty has become the dominant aesthetic trend in this period, especially in bronze, jade and lacquerwood sculptures. At this time, the sculpture has not yet emerged from the arts and crafts, so it still retains a strong decorative.
(3) There are mainly couples and human-shaped brackets, pedestals and small ornaments as ornaments. Idols, also known as "Xianghua" and "Xianghua", are made of bronze, pottery, wood and other different materials, mainly terracotta figures. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, terra cotta figurines appeared everywhere. The main terracotta figures are Langjiazhuang, Shandong Province.
Bronze Terracotta Warring States Tomb in Shaoxing
Bronze Terracotta Warring States Tomb in Shaoxing
Six groups of the tomb of the martyrs in Eastern Zhou Dynasty No. 1 were composed of figurines who danced mostly, cut their faces into slopes, and drew out their eyes and eyebrows with black color. Their breasts were plump, their dresses were draped with red, yellow, black and brown stripes. A terracotta scarf, held in his hand. Most of them have been destroyed due to the extremely low temperature of firing. Dance figurines in pottery figurines unearthed from early Warring States tombs in Changzhi watershed, Shanxi Province, are simple in shape and vivid in posture. Painted wooden figurines are mostly from Chu tombs in the Warring States Period, with different identities such as servants, kitchens, entertainment and so on. The 30 wooden figurines from Chu Tomb No. 406 in Changsha, Hunan Province, differ between men and women. They are usually carved out with body shape and five features, painted with white powder, then painted with ink and Zhu with eyebrows and beard, crown, band, breast, sleeve and swords. Hand, foot and sword are made and assembled separately. Some of the terracotta warriors unearthed in other places carved out wide sleeves, some with silk wigs (or human hair) and silk clothes after their heads carved out five features, but they did not pay much attention to the personality characteristics of the characters. Silver terracotta warriors with narrow sleeves, short gowns, ties and entanglements have been unearthed from the tomb of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in Jincun, Luoyang, Henan Province. Some people think that Hu people's image has a high level of modelling. In addition, there are terracotta figures with the performance of the activity environment. For example, the bronze Jile bronze house in Potang Warring States Tomb, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, has six naked men and women playing in the room with musical instruments, pillars on the roof of the bronze house and a large bird cast on the pillar. It is speculated that it may be related to totem beliefs or religious customs of the ancient Yue people.